How is your disability defined by the federal and state laws?
According to IDEA `04 the federal definition of mental retardation is significant subaverage general intellectual functioning, existing concurrently with deficits in adaptive behavior and manifested during the developmental period, which adversely affects a child's educational performance (Deutsch-Smith, 2007). The American Association on Mental Retardation (AAMR) defines mental retardation as a disability characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior as expressed in conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills. This originates before age 18. It categorizes each individual's level of functioning based on the level of support that person will require in order to function (Deutsch-Smith, 2007). According to The Arc, Fragile X syndrome and Down syndrome are two conditions that are the most common reasons for mental retardation (Deutsch-Smith, 2007). Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a genetic condition caused by changes in the Fragile X Mental Retardation 1 gene (FMR1) located on the X chromosome that result in the cells not producing the Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP). It is the most common cause of inherited mental retardation. Down syndrome is a chromosomal disorder with identifiable physical characteristics, resulting in delays, in physical and intellectual development (Deutsch-Smith, 2007). It is caused by a chromosomal abnormality: for some unexplained reason, an accident in cell development results in 47 instead of the usual 46 chromosomes. This extra chromosome changes the orderly development of the body and brain (Health Newsflash, 2002). Down syndrome is the most common and readily identifiable chromosomal condition associated with mental retardation (Deutsch-Smith, 2007). What are the developmental characteristics of persons with this disability?
Children who are cognitively impaired share similar developmental characteristics. The commonality amongst children with Fragile X syndrome and Down syndrome are as follows: • stereotypic behaviors (hand flapping, and hand biting) • short attention span • intellectual disability • deficient fine and gross motor skills • hyperactivity • hearing and language problems • inability to relate to others in a normal manner
“The hallmark of the Fragile X syndrome is mental retardation… (Crawford 361)” Mental retardation, autism, and autistic type behaviors may be seen in varying degrees of children with Fragile X Syndrome. These children have speech problems, conversational difficulty, poor eye contact, and exhibit anxiety while in social situations.
Some children with Down syndrome have • congenital heart problems • high risk of developing leukemia • obesity issues • Short, high-pitched cries in infancy.
The physical characteristics that are shared amongst children who have Fragile X syndrome and Down syndrome are as follows: • Poor muscle tone • Hyperflexibility (excessive ability to extend the joints) Physical characteristics of children and adults that have Fragile X syndrome are: • long face • large ears • protruding jaw which may be subtle and influenced by age and race • Strabismus • flat feet • large testicles.
Physical characteristics of children and adults that have Down syndrome are: • Slanting eyes with folds of skin at the inner corners (called epicanthal folds) • Short, broad hands with a single crease across the palm on one or both hands • Broad feet with short toes • Flat bridge of the nose • Short, low-set ears • Short neck • Small head • Small oral cavity.
If you were a teacher in a general education classroom, what information and strategies would help you best support a child with this disability? This would include academic and social support.
As a teacher in a general education classroom information useful to support the student would include:
• Knowledge of current research and validated teaching practices for Mental Retardation, Down syndrome, Fragile X syndrome, and any coexisting conditions, such as Autism.
• Written history and thorough assessment of the student’s cognitive ability, adaptive behavior, need for supports and interests to plan an individualized teaching approach with adjustments.
Teaching strategy based on normalization and dignity of risk includes:
• A hazard free environment • Model appropriate classroom behavior • Involve students in writing classroom expectations • Reinforce courtesy, respect, and self advocacy • Visual reminders and labels • Emphasize hands on approach • Sit student in section of room with minimal distractions • Model the entire lesson before task analysis • Think/Pair/Share strategy • Concrete concepts rather than abstract ideas • Explain generalization of information • Link content to daily life and practical use • Teach small clusters of information • Repeat using different materials and settings • Reinforcement with progressive time delay • Use audiotape, talking calculator, whole equation calculator, word predictive software and other technological assistance • Physical activities and games for all to participate and feel successful • Frequent, written feedback • Assess progress and make modifications with the IEP team.
What resources would help you as a teacher to serve this child? (Websites, agencies, people within your school, curriculum materials: 2 or 3 line description for each resource is required.
The following resources provide useful information for the teacher to serve this student
American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD) Formerly AAMR, an international, professional association to support the intellectually and developmentally disabled. Definition, fact sheet and frequently asked questions about mental retardation very helpful. http://www.aaidd.org/index.shtml
National Institutes of Health (NIH) The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) This institute conducts and funds research on health topics including mental retardation and the research in the Mental Retardation & Developmental Disabilities (MRDD) Branch. The website provides information about mental retardation, Down syndrome, and Fragile X syndrome that includes definition, signs and symptoms, treatments, news, publications, and related websites. http://www.nichd.nih.gov/
The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) supports research of mental illness and behavioral disorders. The website provides information about Mental Retardation, Down syndrome, and Fragile X syndrome. http://www.nimh.nih.gov/
President’s Committee for People with Intellectual Disabilities (PCPID) An advisory committee selected to advise the President and the Secretary of Health and Human Services on issues related to people with intellectual disabilities. http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/pcpid/
The Arc The Arc of the United States works for children and adults with developmental disabilities. The website lists local chapters in each state. http://www.thearc.org
National Fragile X Foundation Nonprofit foundation for the support, awareness, education, research, and advocacy for those affected by Fragile X to improve treatment and find a cure. Information provided includes quarterly newsletter, list of healthcare professionals, and website with an excellent lesson planning guide for teachers (http://www.fragilex.org/FXSBinderReprint0804.pdf) http://www.fragilex.org/
Conquer Fragile X Foundation Nonprofit foundation links researchers in the United States and abroad; an affiliate of the National Fragile X Foundation www.conquerfragilex.org/ http://www.fragilex.org/cfxf/
FRAXA Research Foundation This organization, founded by several parents of children with Fragile X, provides funds and promotes scientific research for the treatment and cure of Fragile X. The resources and support include a newsletter and website. http://www.fraxa.org/
National Down Syndrome Society (NDSS) The mission of the National Down Syndrome Society organization is to help people with Down syndrome and their families, providing national leadership in education, and research. This organization is a strong advocate for people with Down syndrome. http://www.ndss.org/ This is an innovative NDSS website for teens and adults with Down syndrome and other cognitive disabilities to play video games and read the latest information about Down syndrome. http://www.clubndss.org/
Knowledge and Information about Individuals with Down Syndrome (kiids) This website was created to provide new parents of children with Down syndrome with the information and necessary resources to help their child reach their full potential and to spread knowledge and information to medical professionals, educational professionals, and the public about Down syndrome. http://www.kiids.info/
Interdisciplinary Team An interdisciplinary approach would include a speech therapist, special education teacher, physical therapist, occupational therapist, adaptive physical education teacher, and other professionals, the family and the student.
This blog is designed as a resource tool for teacher candidates learning about special education and students with special needs. Small groups within the class will create their own blogs about specific students with special needs, such as children with ADHD, and then link that blog to this central site.Each blog will contain information about the federal and state definition of the disability group, the general physical, social, cognitive, and emotional developments, as well as useful resources for teachers.
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How is your disability defined by the federal and state laws?
According to IDEA `04 the federal definition of mental retardation is significant subaverage general intellectual functioning, existing concurrently with deficits in adaptive behavior and manifested during the developmental period, which adversely affects a child's educational performance (Deutsch-Smith, 2007).
The American Association on Mental Retardation (AAMR) defines mental retardation as a disability characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior as expressed in conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills. This originates before age 18. It categorizes each individual's level of functioning based on the level of support that person will require in order to function (Deutsch-Smith, 2007).
According to The Arc, Fragile X syndrome and Down syndrome are two conditions that are the most common reasons for mental retardation (Deutsch-Smith, 2007).
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a genetic condition caused by changes in the Fragile X Mental Retardation 1 gene (FMR1) located on the X chromosome that result in the cells not producing the Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP). It is the most common cause of inherited mental retardation.
Down syndrome is a chromosomal disorder with identifiable physical characteristics, resulting in delays, in physical and intellectual development (Deutsch-Smith, 2007). It is caused by a chromosomal abnormality: for some unexplained reason, an accident in cell development results in 47 instead of the usual 46 chromosomes. This extra chromosome changes the orderly development of the body and brain (Health Newsflash, 2002). Down syndrome is the most common and readily identifiable chromosomal condition associated with mental retardation (Deutsch-Smith, 2007).
What are the developmental characteristics of persons with this disability?
Children who are cognitively impaired share similar developmental characteristics. The commonality amongst children with Fragile X syndrome and Down syndrome are as follows:
• stereotypic behaviors (hand flapping, and hand biting)
• short attention span
• intellectual disability
• deficient fine and gross motor skills
• hyperactivity
• hearing and language problems
• inability to relate to others in a normal manner
“The hallmark of the Fragile X syndrome is mental retardation… (Crawford 361)” Mental retardation, autism, and autistic type behaviors may be seen in varying degrees of children with Fragile X Syndrome. These children have speech problems, conversational difficulty, poor eye contact, and exhibit anxiety while in social situations.
Some children with Down syndrome have
• congenital heart problems
• high risk of developing leukemia
• obesity issues
• Short, high-pitched cries in infancy.
The physical characteristics that are shared amongst children who have Fragile X syndrome and Down syndrome are as follows:
• Poor muscle tone
• Hyperflexibility (excessive ability to extend the joints)
Physical characteristics of children and adults that have Fragile X syndrome are:
• long face
• large ears
• protruding jaw which may be subtle and influenced by age and race
• Strabismus
• flat feet
• large testicles.
Physical characteristics of children and adults that have Down syndrome are:
• Slanting eyes with folds of skin at the inner corners (called epicanthal folds)
• Short, broad hands with a single crease across the palm on one or both hands
• Broad feet with short toes
• Flat bridge of the nose
• Short, low-set ears
• Short neck
• Small head
• Small oral cavity.
If you were a teacher in a general education classroom, what information and strategies would help you best support a child with this disability? This would include academic and social support.
As a teacher in a general education classroom information useful to support the student would include:
• Knowledge of current research and validated teaching practices for Mental Retardation, Down syndrome, Fragile X syndrome, and any coexisting conditions, such as Autism.
• Written history and thorough assessment of the student’s cognitive ability, adaptive behavior, need for supports and interests to plan an individualized teaching approach with adjustments.
Teaching strategy based on normalization and dignity of risk includes:
• A hazard free environment
• Model appropriate classroom behavior
• Involve students in writing classroom expectations
• Reinforce courtesy, respect, and self advocacy
• Visual reminders and labels
• Emphasize hands on approach
• Sit student in section of room with minimal distractions
• Model the entire lesson before task analysis
• Think/Pair/Share strategy
• Concrete concepts rather than abstract ideas
• Explain generalization of information
• Link content to daily life and practical use
• Teach small clusters of information
• Repeat using different materials and settings
• Reinforcement with progressive time delay
• Use audiotape, talking calculator, whole equation calculator, word predictive software and other technological assistance
• Physical activities and games for all to participate and feel successful
• Frequent, written feedback
• Assess progress and make modifications with the IEP team.
What resources would help you as a teacher to serve this child? (Websites, agencies, people within your school, curriculum materials: 2 or 3 line description for each resource is required.
The following resources provide useful information for the teacher to serve this student
American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD)
Formerly AAMR, an international, professional association to support the intellectually and developmentally disabled. Definition, fact sheet and frequently asked questions about mental retardation very helpful.
http://www.aaidd.org/index.shtml
National Institutes of Health (NIH)
The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)
This institute conducts and funds research on health topics including mental retardation and the research in the Mental Retardation & Developmental Disabilities (MRDD) Branch. The website provides information about mental retardation, Down syndrome, and Fragile X syndrome that includes definition, signs and symptoms, treatments, news, publications, and related websites.
http://www.nichd.nih.gov/
The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) supports research of mental illness and behavioral disorders. The website provides information about Mental Retardation, Down syndrome, and Fragile X syndrome.
http://www.nimh.nih.gov/
President’s Committee for People with Intellectual Disabilities (PCPID)
An advisory committee selected to advise the President and the Secretary of Health and Human Services on issues related to people with intellectual disabilities.
http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/pcpid/
The Arc
The Arc of the United States works for children and adults with developmental disabilities. The website lists local chapters in each state.
http://www.thearc.org
National Fragile X Foundation
Nonprofit foundation for the support, awareness, education, research, and advocacy for those affected by Fragile X to improve treatment and find a cure. Information provided includes quarterly newsletter, list of healthcare professionals, and website with an excellent lesson planning guide for teachers (http://www.fragilex.org/FXSBinderReprint0804.pdf)
http://www.fragilex.org/
Conquer Fragile X Foundation
Nonprofit foundation links researchers in the United States and abroad; an affiliate of the National Fragile X Foundation
www.conquerfragilex.org/
http://www.fragilex.org/cfxf/
FRAXA Research Foundation
This organization, founded by several parents of children with Fragile X, provides funds and promotes scientific research for the treatment and cure of Fragile X. The resources and support include a newsletter and website.
http://www.fraxa.org/
National Down Syndrome Society (NDSS)
The mission of the National Down Syndrome Society organization is to help people with Down syndrome and their families, providing national leadership in education, and research. This organization is a strong advocate for people with Down syndrome.
http://www.ndss.org/
This is an innovative NDSS website for teens and adults with Down syndrome and other cognitive disabilities to play video games and read the latest information about Down syndrome.
http://www.clubndss.org/
Knowledge and Information about Individuals with Down Syndrome (kiids)
This website was created to provide new parents of children with Down syndrome with the information and necessary resources to help their child reach their full potential and to spread knowledge and information to medical professionals, educational professionals, and the public about Down syndrome.
http://www.kiids.info/
Interdisciplinary Team
An interdisciplinary approach would include a speech therapist, special education teacher, physical therapist, occupational therapist, adaptive physical education teacher, and other professionals, the family and the student.
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